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Selective synaptic and axonal degeneration are critical aspects of both

Class-switch recombination (CSR) is a DNA recombination process that

Increased prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has been

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- negative temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)

Fulminant viral hepatitis (FVH) is a devastating and unexplained

Mutations in pre-synaptic voltage-gated calcium channels can lead to

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency caused

Background: Despite increasing evidence that adults with long-standing atopic dermatitis (AD) have systemic inflammation, little is known about systemic inflammation in recent-onset early pediatric AD. Objective: To analyze blood inflammatory proteins of early pediatric AD. Methods: Using high-throughput proteomics (proximity extension assay), we assessed 257 inflammatory and cardiovascular risk proteins in the blood of 30 children with moderate to severe AD younger than 5 years of age (within 6 months of onset) compared with age-matched pediatric control individuals and adult patients with AD. Results: In pediatric AD blood, T helper (Th) type 2 (CCL13, CCL22) and Th17 (peptidase inhibitor-3/elafin) markers were increased, together with markers of tissue remodeling (matrix metalloproteinases 3/9/10, urokinase receptor), endothelial activation (E-selectin), T-cell activation (IL2RA), neutrophil activation (myeloperoxidase), lipid metabolism (FABP4), and growth factors (FGF21, transforming growth factor-alpha). Total numbers of dysregulated proteins were smaller in pediatric AD (n = 22) than in adult AD (n = 61). Clinical severity scores were positively correlated with receptors for interleukins 33 and 36 and inversely correlated with some Th1 markers (interferon gamma, CXCL11). Limitations: Different baseline expression levels in healthy pediatric vs adult samples. Conclusions: Within months of pediatric AD onset, systemic immune activation is present, with Th2/Th17 skewing but otherwise different proteomic patterns from adult AD. Future correlation of proteomic patterns with disease course, comorbidity development, and drug response may yield predictive biomarkers.

Linked article: M. Kovacs et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:

Tn5 transposase is a bacterial enzyme that integrates a DNA fragment