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Mittelberger F, Meyer C, Waetzig GH, Zacharias M, Valentini E, Svergun DI, Berg K, Lorenzen I, Grotzinger J, Rose-John S, Hahn U
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RAID3-An interleukin-6 receptor-binding aptamer with post-selective modification-resistant affinity
RNA BIOLOGY 2015 SEP 2; 12(9):1043-1053
Aptamers are an emerging class of highly specific targeting ligands. They can be selected in vitro for a large variety of targets, ranging from small molecules to whole cells. Most aptamers selected are nucleic acid-based, allowing chemical synthesis and easy modification. Although their properties make them interesting drug candidates for a broad spectrum of applications and an interesting alternative to antibodies or fusion proteins, they are not yet broadly used. One major drawback of aptamers is their susceptibility to abundant serum nucleases, resulting in their fast degradation in biological fluids. Using modified nucleic acids has become a common strategy to overcome these disadvantages, greatly increasing their half-life under cell culture conditions or even in vivo. Whereas pre-selective modifications of the initial library for aptamer selection are relatively easy to obtain, post-selective modifications of already selected aptamers are still generally very labor-intensive and often compromise the aptamers ability to bind its target molecule.Here we report the selection, characterization and post-selective modification of a 34 nucleotide (nt) RNA aptamer for a non-dominant, novel target site (domain 3) of the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). We performed structural analyses and investigated the affinity of the aptamer to the membrane-bound and soluble forms (sIL-6R) of the IL-6R. Further, we performed structural analyses of the aptamer in solution using small-angle X-ray scattering and determined its overall shape and oligomeric state. Post-selective exchange of all pyrimidines against their 2-fluoro analogs increased the aptamers stability significantly without compromising its affinity for the target protein. The resulting modified aptamer could be shortened to its minimal binding motif without loss of affinity.
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Neu C, Wolfe E, Wood J, Xia F, Clarke C, Harr R, Karchin PE, Don CKK, Lamichhane P, Sturdy J, Belknap DA, Carlsmith D, Cepeda M, Christian A, Dasu S, Dodd L, Duric S, Friis E, Gomber B, Grothe M, Hall-Wilton R, Herndon M, Herve A, Klabbers P, Lanaro A, Levine A, Long K, Loveless R, Mohapatra A, Ojalvo I, Perry T, Pierro GA, Polese G, Ross I, Ruggles T, Sarangi T, Savin A, Smith N, Smith WH, Taylor D, Woods N
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Search for neutral color-octet weak-triplet scalar particles in proton-proton collisions at root s=8TeV
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 2015 SEP 29; ?(9):? Article 201
A search for pair production of neutral color-octet weak-triplet scalar particles (Theta(0)) is performed in processes where one Theta(0) decays to a pair of b quark jets and the other to a Z boson plus a jet, with the Z boson decaying to a pair of electrons or muons. The search is performed with data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at root s = 8TeV. The number of observed events is found to be in agreement with the standard model predictions. The 95% confidence level upper limit on the product of the cross section and branching fraction is obtained as a function of the Theta(0) mass. The 95% confidence level lower bounds on the Theta(0) mass are found to be 623 and 426 GeV, for two different octo-triplet theoretical scenarios. These are the first direct experimental bounds on particles predicted by the octo-triplet model.
Bae B, Chen J, Davis E, Leon K, Darst SA, Campbell EA
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CarD uses a minor groove wedge mechanism to stabilize the RNA polymerase open promoter complex
ELIFE 2015 SEP 8; 4(?):? Article e08505
A key point to regulate gene expression is at transcription initiation, and activators play a major role. CarD, an essential activator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in many bacteria, including Thermus species, but absent in Escherichia coli. To delineate the molecular mechanism of CarD, we determined crystal structures of Thermus transcription initiation complexes containing CarD. The structures show CarD interacts with the unique DNA topology presented by the upstream double-stranded/single-stranded DNA junction of the transcription bubble. We confirm that our structures correspond to functional activation complexes, and extend our understanding of the role of a conserved CarD Trp residue that serves as a minor groove wedge, preventing collapse of the transcription bubble to stabilize the transcription initiation complex. Unlike E. coli RNAP, many bacterial RNAPs form unstable promoter complexes, explaining the need for CarD.
Itan Y, Casanova JL
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Can the impact of human genetic variations be predicted?
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2015 SEP 15; 112(37):11426-11427
Alarcon CR, Goodarzi H, Lee H, Liu XH, Tavazoie S, Tavazoie SF
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HNRNPA2B1 Is a Mediator of m(6)A-Dependent Nuclear RNA Processing Events
CELL 2015 SEP 10; 162(6):1299-1308
N-6-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is the most abundant internal modification of messenger RNA. While the presence of m(6)A on transcripts can impact nuclear RNA fates, a reader of this mark that mediates processing of nuclear transcripts has not been identified. We find that the RNA-binding protein HNRNPA2B1 binds m(6)A-bearing RNAs in vivo and in vitro and its biochemical footprint matches the m(6)A consensus motif. HNRNPA2B1 directly binds a set of nuclear transcripts and elicits similar alternative splicing effects as the m(6)A writer METTL3. Moreover, HNRNPA2B1 binds to m(6)A marks in a subset of primary miRNA transcripts, interacts with the microRNA Microprocessor complex protein DGCR8, and promotes primary miRNA processing. Also, HNRNPA2B1 loss and METTL3 depletion cause similar processing defects for these pri-miRNA precursors. We propose HNRNPA2B1 to be a nuclear reader of the m(6)A mark and to mediate, in part, this mark's effects on primary microRNA processing and alternative splicing.
Copur AS, Fulambarker A, Molnar J, Nadeem R, McCormack C, Ganesh A, Kheir F, Hamon S
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Role of Anemia in Home Oxygen Therapy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTICS 2015 SEP-OCT; 22(5):361-366
Anemia is a known comorbidity found in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Hypoxemia is common and basically due to ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch in COPD. Anemia, by decreasing arterial oxygen content, may be a contributing factor for decreased delivery of oxygen to tissues. The objective of this study is to determine if anemia is a factor in qualifying COPD patients for home oxygen therapy. The study was designed as a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational chart review. Patients who were referred for home oxygen therapy evaluation were selected from the computerized patient record system. Demographic data, oxygen saturation at rest and during exercise, pulmonary function test results, hemoglobin level, medications, reason for anemia, comorbid diseases, and smoking status were recorded. The chi(2) tests, independent sample t tests, and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Only 356 of total 478 patient referrals had a diagnosis of COPD over a 2-year period. Although 39 of them were excluded, 317 patients were included in the study. The overall rate of anemia was 38% in all COPD patients. Anemia was found significantly more frequent in COPD patients on home oxygen therapy (46%) than those not on home oxygen therapy (18.5%) (P < 0.0001). Mean saturation of peripheral oxygen values were significantly lower in anemic COPD patients both at rest and during exercise (P < 0.0001). Also, in COPD patients, age, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease class, smoking status, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, percent of forced expiratory volume in first second, forced expiratory volume in first second/forced vital capacity, residual volume/total lung volume, percent of carbon monoxide diffusion capacity were significantly different between home oxygen therapy and those not on home oxygen therapy (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression showed that anemia remained a strong predictor for long-term oxygen therapy use in COPD patients after adjusting for other significant parameters. Anemic COPD patients are more hypoxic especially during exercise than those who are not anemic. We conclude that anemia is a contributing factor in qualifying COPD patients for home oxygen therapy.
Kramer RM, Russell J, Humm JL
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Distribution of Gemcitabine Is Nearly Homogenous in Two Orthotopic Murine Models of Pancreatic Cancer
CANCER BIOTHERAPY AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 2015 SEP 1; 30(7):299-304
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States. Gemcitabine is a common treatment, but response rates are low, perhaps due in part to tumor hypoxia. We utilized C-14-labeled gemcitabine to map distribution of the drug with respect to perfused and hypoxic regions of the tumor microenvironment in two orthotopic xenograft models of pancreatic cancer. There was only a slight reduction in gemcitabine in hypoxic areas, with similar to 78% of the drug present in hypoxic compared to perfused areas. In addition, only a 4% reduction in gemcitabine was measured at >100 mu m from perfused blood vessels. Thus, despite significant areas of hypoxia in these tumors, gemcitabine distribution is relatively homogenous. Ours is the first study to directly measure gemcitabine distribution within tumor tissue, demonstrating that in these models, tumor tissue does not represent a barrier to gemcitabine penetration.
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Khotilovich V, Krutelyov V, Montalvo R, Osipenkov I, Pakhotin Y, Patel R, Perloff A, Roe J, Rose A, Safonov A, Suarez I, Tatarinov A, Ulmer KA, Akchurin N, Cowden C, Damgov J, Dragoiu C, Dudero PR, Faulkner J, Kovitanggoon K, Kunori S, Lee SW, Libeiro T, Volobouev I, Appelt E, Delannoy AG, Greene S, Gurrola A, Johns W, Maguire C, Mao Y, Melo A, Sharma M, Sheldon P, Snook B, Tuo S, Velkovska J, Arenton MW, Boutle S, Cox B, Francis B, Goodell J, Hirosky R, Ledovskoy A, Li H, Lin C, Neu C, Wolfe E, Wood J, Clarke C, Harr R, Karchin P, Don CKK, Lamichhane P, Sturdy J, Belknap DA, Carlsmith D, Cepeda M, Dasu S, Dodd L, Duric S, Friis E, Hall-Wilton R, Herndon M, Herve A, Klabbers P, Lanaro A, Lazaridis C, Levine A, Loveless R, Mohapatra A, Ojalvo I, Perry T, Pierro GA, Polese G, Ross I, Sarangi T, Savin A, Smith WH, Taylor D, Vuosalo C, Woods N
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Search for heavy Majorana neutrinos in mu(+/-)mu(+/-) + jets events inproton-proton collisions at root s=8TeV
PHYSICS LETTERS B 2015 SEP 2; 748(?):144-166
A search is performed for heavy Majorana neutrinos (N) using an event signature defined by two muons of the same charge and two jets (mu(+/-)mu(+/-)jj). The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. No excess of events is observed beyond the expected standard model background and upper limits are set on vertical bar V-mu N vertical bar(2) as a function of Majorana neutrino mass mN for masses in the range of 40-500GeV, where V-mu N is the mixing element of the heavy neutrino with the standard model muon neutrino. The limits obtained are vertical bar V-mu N vertical bar(2) < 0.00470 for m(N) = 90GeV, vertical bar V-mu N vertical bar(2) < 0.0123 for m(N) = 200GeV, and vertical bar V-mu N vertical bar(2) < 0.583 for m(N) = 500 GeV. These results extend considerably the regions excluded by previous direct searches. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Humme D, Haider A, Mobs M, Mitsui H, Suarez-Farinas M, Ohmatsu H, Geilen CI, Eberle J, Krueger JG, Beyer M, Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I, Sterry W, Assaf C
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Aurora Kinase A Is Upregulated in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Represents a Potential Therapeutic Target
JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 2015 SEP; 135(9):2292-2300
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) form a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas characterized by only poor prognosis in advanced stage. Despite significant progress made in the identification of novel genes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous lymphoma, the therapeutic value of these findings has still to be proven. Here, we demonstrate by gene expression arrays that Aurora kinase A is one of the highly overexpressed genes of the serine/threonine kinase in CTCL. The finding was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry in CTCL cell lines and primary patient samples. Moreover, treatment with a specific Aurora kinase A inhibitor blocks cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in G2 phase, as well as apoptosis in CTCL cell lines. These data provide a promising rationale for using Aurora kinase A inhibition as a therapeutic modality of CTCL.
Antolin-Fontes B, Ables JL, Gorlich A, Ibanez-Tallon I
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The habenulo-interpeduncular pathway in nicotine aversion and withdrawal
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 2015 SEP; 96(?):213-222
Progress has been made over the last decade in our understanding of the brain areas and circuits involved in nicotine reward and withdrawal, leading to models of addiction that assign different addictive behaviors to distinct, yet overlapping, neural circuits (Koob and Volkow, 2010; Lobo and Nestler, 2011; Tuesta et al., 2011; Volkow et al., 2011). Recently the habenulo-interpeduncular (Hb-IPN) midbrain pathway has re-emerged as a new critical crossroad that influences the brain response to nicotine. This brain area is particularly enriched in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits alpha 5, alpha 3 and beta 4 encoded by the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster, which has been associated with vulnerability to tobacco dependence in human genetics studies. This finding, together with studies in mice involving deletion and replacement of nAChR subunits, and investigations of the circuitry, cell types and electrophysiological properties, have begun to identify the molecular mechanisms that take place in the MHb-IPN which underlie critical aspects of nicotine dependence. In the current review we describe the anatomical and functional connections of the MHb-IPN system, as well as the contribution of specific nAChRs subtypes in nicotine-mediated behaviors. Finally, we discuss the specific electrophysiological properties of MHb-IPN neuronal populations and how nicotine exposure alters their cellular physiology, highlighting the unique role of the MHb-IPN in the context of nicotine aversion and withdrawal. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition'. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.