The rockefeller university

Adolescence is a critical period of development with robust behavioral, morphological, hormonal, and neurochemical changes including changes in brain regions implicated in the reinforcing effects of drugs such as opioids. Here we examine the preclinical and, where appropriate complementary clinical literature, for the behavioral and neurological changes induced by adolescent opioid exposure/use and their long-term consequences during adulthood. Adolescent opioid exposure results in a widened biphasic shift in reinforcement with increased impact of positive rewarding aspects during initial use and profound negative reinforcement during adulthood. Females may have enhanced vulnerability due to fast onset of antinociceptive tolerance and reduced severity of somatic withdrawal symptoms during adolescence. Overall, adolescent opioid exposure, be it legally prescribed protracted intake or illicit consumption, results in significant and prolonged consequences of increased opioid reward concomitant with reduced analgesic efficacy and exacerbated somatic withdrawal severity during opioid use/exposure in adulthood. These findings are highly relevant to physicians, parents, law makers, and the general public as adolescent opioid exposure/misuse results in heightened risk for substance use disorders.

Yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is an arthropod-borne virus that can cause severe disease in humans with a lethality rate of up to 60%. Since 2017, increases in YFV activity in areas of South America and Africa have been described. Although a vaccine is available, named strain 17D (Theiler and Smith, 1937), it is contraindicated for use in the elderly, expectant mothers, immunocompromised people, among others. To this day there is no antiviral treatment against YFV to reduce the severity of viral infection. Here, we used a circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER)-based reverse genetics approach to generate a full-length reporter virus (YFVhb) by introducing a small HiBit tag in the NS1 protein. The reporter virus replicates at a similar rate to the parental YFV in HuH-7 cells. Using YFVhb, we designed a high throughput antiviral screening luciferase-based assay to identify inhibitors that target any step of the viral replication cycle. We validated our assay by using a range of inhibitors including drugs, immune sera and neutralizing single chain variable fragments (scFv). In light of the recent upsurge in YFV and a potential spread of the virus, this assay is a further tool in the development of antiviral therapy against YFV.

Malignant gliomas are central nervous system tumors and remain among the most treatment-resistant cancers. Exome sequencing has revealed significant heterogeneity and important insights into the molecular pathogenesis of gliomas. Mutations in chromatin modifiers-proteins that shape the epigenomic landscape through remodeling and regulation of post-translational modifications on chromatin-are very frequent and often define specific glioma subtypes. This suggests that epigenomic reprogramming may be a fundamental driver of glioma. Here, we describe the key chromatin regulatory pathways disrupted in gliomas, delineating their physiological function and our current understanding of how their dysregulation may contribute to gliomagenesis.

BACKGROUND: Recent data suggest that patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have increased systemic immune activation and cardiovascular risk. However, unlike psoriasis, evaluation of active vascular inflammation using state-of-the-art imaging is lacking in AD. OBJECTIVE: To assess aortic and carotid vascular inflammation using F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (F-18-FDG-PET/MRI) imaging in moderate-to-severe AD versus healthy individuals. METHODS: A total of 27 patients with moderate-to-severe AD and 12 healthy controls were imaged using F-18-FDG-PET/MRI. Target-to-background ratio (TBR) values were calculated in multiple segments of the aorta and carotid vessels. RESULTS: Patients with AD had elevated aortic max TBR (fold change [FCH] = 1.45, P = .057) versus healthy controls and significantly elevated mean TBR (FCH = 1.20; P< .05) in the right carotid (RC) arteries versus controls. When examining greatest focal inflammation (most diseased segment [MDS] TBR), patients with AD had higher aortic inflammation (FCH = 1.28; P = .052). AD clinical severity significantly correlated with C-reactive protein (p = 0.60, P< .01) and with RC mean TBR levels (p = 0.60, P = .04). Stratifying patients into moderate-to-severe and very severe AD showed greater RC mean TBR in patients with very severe AD versus controls (FCH = 1.31; P = .02) and versus patients with moderate/severe AD (FCH = 1.23, P = .05). Aortic inflammation was also significantly greater in patients with very severe AD versus controls (max TBR: FCH = 1.6, P = .04; MDS TBR: FCH = 1.73, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study is the first that establishes greater vascular (aorta and carotid) inflammation in moderate-to-severe AD versus healthy controls. Furthermore, very severe AD showed higher inflammation than both moderate/severe patients and healthy controls. Future studies with larger patient cohorts and evaluation before and after treatment are needed to determine the extent to which vascular inflammation in AD is modifiable. (C) 2020 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology

We developed a first-of-kind dasatinib-derivative imaging agent, F-18-SKI-249380 (F-18-SKI), and validated its use for noninvasive in vivo tyrosine kinase-targeted tumor detection in preclinical models. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using F-18-SKI for PET imaging in patients with malignancies. Methods: Five patients with a prior diagnosis of breast cancer, renal cell cancer, or leukemia underwent whole-body PET/CT imaging 90 min after injection of F-18-SKI (mean, 241.24 +/- 116.36 MBq) as part of a prospective study. In addition, patients underwent either a 30-min dynamic scan of the upper abdomen including, at least partly, cardiac left ventricle, liver, spleen, and kidney (n = 2) or three 10-min whole-body PET/CT scans (n = 3) immediately after injection and blood-based radioactivity measurements to determine the time course of tracer distribution and facilitate radiation dose estimates. A subset of 3 patients had a delayed whole-body PET/CT scan at 180 min. Biodistribution, dosimetry, and tumor uptake were quantified. Absorbed doses were calculated using OLINDA/EXM 1.0. Results: No adverse events occurred after injection of F-18-SKI. In total, 27 tumor lesions were analyzed, with a median SUVpeak of 1.4 (range, 0.7-2.3) and tumor-to-blood ratios of 1.6 (range, 0.8-2.5) at 90 min after injection. The intratumoral drug concentrations calculated for 4 reference lesions ranged from 0.03 to 0.07 nM. In all reference lesions, constant tracer accumulation was observed between 30 and 90 min after injection. A blood radioassay indicated that radiotracer clearance from blood and plasma was initially rapid (blood half-time, 1.31 +/- 0.81 min; plasma, 1.07 +/- 0.66 min; n = 4), followed variably by either a prolonged terminal phase (blood half-time, 285 +/- 148.49 min; plasma, 240 +/- 84.85 min; n = 2) or a small rise to a plateau (n = 2). Like dasatinib, F-18-SKI underwent extensive metabolism after administration, as evidenced by metabolite analysis. Radioactivity was predominantly cleared via the hepatobiliary route. The highest absorbed dose estimates (mGy/MBq) in normal tissues were to the right colon (0.167 +/- 0.04) and small intestine (0.153 +/- 0.03). The effective dose was 0.0258 mSv/MBq (SD, 0.0034 mSv/MBq). Conclusion: F-18-SKI demonstrated significant tumor uptake, distinct image contrast despite low injected doses, and rapid clearance from blood.

Background Population-based data on COVID-19 are essential for guiding policies. There are few such studies, particularly from low or middle-income countries. Brazil is currently a hotspot for COVID-19 globally. We aimed to investigate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody prevalence by city and according to sex, age, ethnicity group, and socioeconomic status, and compare seroprevalence estimates with official statistics on deaths and cases. Methods In this repeated cross-sectional study, we did two seroprevalence surveys in 133 sentinel cities in all Brazilian states. We randomly selected households and randomly selected one individual from all household members. We excluded children younger than 1 year. Presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was assessed using a lateral flow point-of-care test, the WONDFO SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (Wondfo Biotech, Guangzhou, China), using two drops of blood from finger prick samples. This lateral-flow assay detects IgG and IgM isotypes that are specific to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain of the spike protein. Participants also answered short questionnaires on sociodemographic information (sex, age, education, ethnicity, household size, and household assets) and compliance with physical distancing measures. Findings We included 25 025 participants in the first survey (May 14-21) and 31165 in the second (June 4-7). For the 83 (62%) cities with sample sizes of more than 200 participants in both surveys, the pooled seroprevalence increased from 1.9% (95% CI 1.7-2.1) to 3.1% (2.8-3.4). City-level prevalence ranged from 0% to 25.4% in both surveys. 11(69%) of 16 cities with prevalence above 2.0% in the first survey were located in a stretch along a 2000 km of the Amazon river in the northern region. In the second survey, we found 34 cities with prevalence above 2.0%, which included the same 11 Amazon cities plus 14 from the northeast region, where prevalence was increasing rapidly. Prevalence levels were lower in the south and centre-west, and intermediate in the southeast, where the highest level was found in Rio de Janeiro (7.5% [4.2-12.2]). In the second survey, prevalence was similar in men and women, but an increased prevalence was observed in participants aged 20-59 years and those living in crowded conditions (4.4% [3.5-5.6] for those living with households with six or more people). Prevalence among Indigenous people was 6.4% (4.1-9.4) compared with 1.4% (1.2-1.7) among White people. Prevalence in the poorest socioeconomic quintile was 3.7% (3- 2-4.3) compared with 1.7% (1.4-2-2) in the wealthiest quintile. Interpretation Antibody prevalence was highly heterogeneous by country region, with rapid initial escalation in Brazil's north and northeast. Prevalence is strongly associated with Indigenous ancestry and low socioeconomic status. These population subgroups are unlikely to be protected if the policy response to the pandemic by the national government continues to downplay scientific evidence. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

As sensory information moves through the brain, higher-order areas exhibit more complex tuning than lower areas. Though models predict that complexity arises via convergent inputs from neurons with diverse response properties, in most vertebrate systems, convergence has only been inferred rather than tested directly. Here, we measure sensory computations in zebrafish vestibular neurons across multiple axes in vivo. We establish that whole-cell physiological recordings reveal tuning of individual vestibular afferent inputs and their postsynaptic targets. Strong, sparse synaptic inputs can be distinguished by their amplitudes, permitting analysis of afferent convergence in vivo. An independent approach, serial-section electron microscopy, supports the inferred connectivity. We find that afferents with similar or differing preferred directions converge on central vestibular neurons, conferring more simple or complex tuning, respectively. Together, these results provide a direct, quantifiable demonstration of feedforward input convergence in vivo.

An essential mechanism for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection begins with the viral spike protein binding to the human receptor protein angiotensinconverting enzyme II (ACE2). Here, we describe a stepwise engineering approach to generate a set of affinity optimized, enzymatically inactivated ACE2 variants that potently block SARSCoV-2 infection of cells. These optimized receptor traps tightly bind the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein and prevent entry into host cells. We first computationally designed the ACE2-RBD interface using a two-stage flexible protein backbone design process that improved affinity for the RBD by up to 12-fold. These designed receptor variants were affinity matured an additional 14-fold by random mutagenesis and selection using yeast surface display. The highest-affinity variant contained seven amino acid changes and bound to the RBD 170-fold more tightly than wild-type ACE2. With the addition of the natural ACE2 collectrin domain and fusion to a human immunoglobulin crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain for increased stabilization and avidity, the most optimal ACE2 receptor traps neutralized SARS-CoV-2-pseudotyped lentivirus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) in the 10- to 100-ng/mL range. Engineered ACE2 receptor traps offer a promising route to fighting infections by SARS-CoV-2 and other ACE2-using coronaviruses, with the key advantage that viral resistance would also likely impair viral entry. Moreover, such traps can be predesigned for viruses with known entry receptors for faster therapeutic response without the need for neutralizing antibodies isolated from convalescent patients.