The rockefeller university

We studied a family with three male individuals across two generations affected by common variable immune deficiency (CVID). We identified a novel missense heterozygous variant (c.2602T>A:p.Y868N) of NFKB2 in all patients and not in healthy relatives. Functional studies of the mutant allele in an overexpression system and of the patients' cells confirmed the deleteriousness of the NFKB2 variant and genotype, respectively, on the activation of the non-canonical NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Impaired processing of p100 into p52 underlies p100 accumulation, which results in gain-of-function (GOF) of I kappa B delta inhibitory activity and loss-of-function (LOF) of p52 transcriptional activity. The three patients' plasma contained autoantibodies that neutralized IFN-alpha 2 and/or IFN-omega, accounting for the severe or recurrent viral diseases of the patients, including influenza pneumonia in one sibling, and severe COVID-19 and recurrent herpes labialis in another. Our results confirm that NFKB2 alleles that are I kappa B delta GOF and p52 LOF can underlie CVID and drive the production of autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs, thereby predisposing to severe viral diseases.

Germinal centres are specialized microenvironments where B cells undergo affinity maturation. B cells expressing antibodies whose affinity is improved by somatic hypermutation are selected for expansion by limiting numbers of T follicular helper cells. Cell division is accompanied by mutation of the immunoglobulin genes, at what is believed to be a fixed rate of around 1 x 10-3 per base pair per cell division1. As mutagenesis is random, the probability of acquiring deleterious mutations outweighs the probability of acquiring affinity-enhancing mutations. This effect might be heightened, and even become counterproductive, in B cells that express high-affinity antibodies and undergo the greatest number of cell divisions2. Here we experimentally examine a theoretical model that explains how affinity maturation could be optimized by varying the rate of somatic hypermutation such that cells that express higher-affinity antibodies divide more but mutate less per division. Data obtained from mice immunized with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines or a model antigen align with the theoretical model and show that cells producing high-affinity antibodies shorten the G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle and reduce their mutation rates. We propose that these mechanisms safeguard high-affinity B cell lineages and enhance the outcomes of antibody affinity maturation.

Background: Treating rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) during pregnancy and breastfeeding presents significant complexities, mainly due to inconsistencies between the clinical guidance documents and the reference safety information, including the summary of product characteristics (SmPC) and the patient information leaflets (PIL).Objectives: To assess healthcare professionals' (HCPs) prescribing behaviors, comfort levels, and challenges when advising patients, focusing on discrepancies between clinical guidance documents and SmPC/PIL.Design: Online survey entitled PRAISE (Perception of healthcare providers Regarding Antirheumatics in pregnancy and breastfeeding: advice, Information and patient perSpEctives) and disseminated through HCPs groups and social media.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 414 HCPs globally. Respondents were divided into prescribers (n = 336) and non-prescribers (n = 78) based on their self-reported role in prescribing antirheumatic medications to pregnant or breastfeeding patients with RMDs. The survey covered demographics, clinical experience, confidence in prescribing, use of clinical guidelines, and experiences managing conflicting information between guidelines and SmPC/PIL.Results: Prescribers were more likely than non-prescribers to feel comfortable discussing medication safety during pregnancy. Most prescribers found clinical guidance documents useful, with 48% rating them as "very useful" and 38% as "extremely useful." In case of conflicting information between clinical guidance documents and SmPC/PIL, 58% of HCPs reported that it caused confusion and tension in patient-doctor relationships, and almost 20% of them are "likely" or "very likely" to discontinue ongoing treatment. Clear communication and shared decision-making were the most common strategies used to address patient concerns.Conclusion: HCPs often face significant challenges when advising patients with RMDs on the use of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Conflicting information between clinical guidance documents and SmPC/PIL can disrupt patient-doctor relationship and lead to treatment discontinuation, with potential consequences on maternal disease control. Improved alignment between clinical guidance documents and the SmPC/PIL could enhance patient care and prevent confusion among HCPs and patients.

A search is performed for charged-lepton flavor violating processes in top quark (t) production and decay. The data were collected by the CMS experiment from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb(-1). The selected events are required to contain one opposite-sign electron-muon pair, a third charged lepton (electron or muon), and at least one jet of which no more than one is associated with a bottom quark. Boosted decision trees are used to distinguish signal from background, exploiting differences in the kinematics of the final states particles. The data are consistent with the standard model expectation. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are placed in the context of effective field theory on the Wilson coefficients, which range between 0.024-0.424 TeV-2 depending on the flavor of the associated light quark and the Lorentz structure of the interaction. These limits are converted to upper limits on branching fractions involving up (charm) quarks, t -> e mu u (t -> e mu c), of 0.032(0.498) x 10(-6), 0.022(0.369) x 10(-6), and 0.012(0.216) x 10(-6) for tensorlike, vectorlike, and scalarlike interactions, respectively.

Metagenomics provides access to the genetic diversity of uncultured bacteria through analysis of DNA extracted from whole microbial communities. Long-read sequencing is advancing metagenomic discovery by generating larger DNA assemblies than previously possible. However, harnessing the potential of long-read sequencing to access the vast diversity within soil microbiomes is hampered by the challenge of isolating high-quality DNA. Here we introduce a method that can liberate large, high-quality metagenomic DNA fragments from soil bacteria and pair them with optimized nanopore long-read sequencing to generate megabase-sized assemblies. Using this method, we uncover hundreds of complete circular metagenomic genomes from a single soil sample. Through a combination of bioinformatic prediction and chemical synthesis, we convert nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene clusters directly into bioactive molecules, identifying antibiotics with rare modes of action and activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Our approach advances metagenomic access to the vast genetic diversity of the uncultured bacterial majority and provides a means to convert it to bioactive molecules.

Background Patients with psoriasis affecting a low percentage of their body surface area (BSA) are under-represented in clinical studies and may face substantial disease burden if high-impact sites are affected. Objectives To evaluate in a phase IIIb randomized placebo-controlled study (SPECTREM; NCT06039189) the efficacy and safety of guselkumab in participants with low BSA (2-15%), moderate [Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) = 3] plaque psoriasis involving one or more high-impact site (scalp, face, genitals, intertriginous areas). Methods Eligible participants were randomized 2 : 1 to receive guselkumab 100 mg or placebo at week 0 and week 4, then every 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving IGA 0/1 (cleared/minimal) at week 16. Major secondary endpoints included the proportion of participants achieving >= 90% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 90), IGA 0 and 100% improvement in PASI (PASI 100); mean percentage improvements from baseline to week 16 in BSA and PASI; and proportions of participants achieving site-specific IGA or Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) 0/1 among those with scalp, facial, genital or intertriginous site-specific IGA/PGA >= 3 at baseline. Results Among the 338 randomized participants (guselkumab, n = 225; placebo, n = 113), mean (SD) baseline BSA was 7.6% (3.7) and PASI was 9.0 (3.8). At week 16, all primary and major secondary endpoints were met, with guselkumab demonstrating superiority vs. placebo (all P < 0.001) in the proportions of participants achieving IGA 0/1 (74.2% vs. 12.4%), IGA 0 (40.4% vs. 3.5%), PASI 90 (52.9% vs. 6.2%) and PASI 100 (32.4% vs. 2.7%), and mean percentage improvement from baseline in BSA (80.6% vs. 6.1%) and PASI (82.6% vs. 13.7%). Site-specific IGA/PGA 0/1 response rates for guselkumab vs. placebo were as follows: scalp 75.0% (n = 114/152) vs. 14.5% (n = 11/76); face 87.8% (n = 79/90) vs. 28.6% (n = 12/42); genital 78.0% (n = 64/82) vs. 37.5% (n = 15/40) and intertriginous 86.5% (n = 96/111) vs. 28.8% (n = 15/52). In the guselkumab and placebo groups, respectively, 37.8% and 39.8% experienced one or more adverse event; no new safety signals were identified. Conclusions Through week 16, guselkumab was effective and well tolerated in participants with low BSA, moderate plaque psoriasis with involvement of high-impact sites. Statistically significant improvements across multiple clearance measures, irrespective of baseline BSA, support the effectiveness of guselkumab across a broad range of patients.

Assembly of actin-based stereocilia is critical for cochlear hair cells to detect sound. To tune their mechanosensivity, stereocilia form bundles composed of graded rows of ascending height, necessitating the precise control of actin polymerization. Myosin 15 (MYO15A) drives hair bundle development by delivering critical proteins to growing stereocilia that regulate actin polymerization via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that MYO15A is itself an actin nucleation-promoting factor. Moreover, a deafness-causing mutation in the MYO15A actin-binding interface inhibits nucleation activity but still preserves some movement on filaments in vitro and partial trafficking on stereocilia in vivo. Stereocilia fail to elongate correctly in this mutant mouse, providing evidence that MYO15A-driven actin nucleation contributes to hair bundle biogenesis. Our work shows that in addition to generating force and motility, the ATPase domain of MYO15A can directly regulate actin polymerization and that disrupting this activity can promote cytoskeletal disease, such as hearing loss.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic underscored the need for innovative approaches to study humoral immunity and isolate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Current methods for repertoire analysis at the clonal level require large-scale recombinant mAb production, limiting accessibility and delaying functional insight. We developed a single-cell culture (SCC) platform that enables profiling of human memory B cells and direct recovery of functional mAbs. Using samples from COVID-19 convalescent and vaccinated donors, we optimized SCCs with NB21 feeder cells, R848, and IL-2, achieving efficient clonal expansion and antibody secretion in short-term cultures. Screening and pseudovirus neutralization assays were performed directly with culture supernatants, bypassing the need for early recombinant antibody production. Antigen-baited cytometry sorting enriched spike-specific memory B cells by similar to 30-fold. Among 592 isolated mAbs, 53% bound the Wuhan spike, targeting the receptor-binding domain (28%), N-terminal domain (15%), or other regions (57%). Cross-reactivity analysis revealed that 40% of anti-spike mAbs recognized all tested variants of concern. VH/VL sequencing uncovered convergent rearrangements, including public V3-30 and V3-53/V3-66 clones, consistent with global findings. Two public receptor-binding domain-specific antibodies demonstrated broad neutralization when produced recombinantly. Together, these results validate the SCC system as a streamlined approach for unbiased repertoire analysis and functional mAb isolation. More broadly, the platform provides a practical framework for linking B cell clonal composition with antigen specificity and serum antibody responses. By reducing costs and simplifying workflows, it expands opportunities for antibody discovery and immunoepidemiological studies, fostering wider global participation in therapeutic antibody research.

A major challenge in the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the identification of molecular mechanisms linked to specific pathophysiological features of the disease. Importantly AD has a two-fold higher incidence in women than men and a protracted prodromal phase characterized by amnestic mild-cognitive impairment (aMCI) suggesting that biological processes occurring early can initiate vulnerability to AD. Here, we used a sample of 125 subjects from two independent study cohorts to determine the levels in plasma (the most accessible specimen) of two essential mitochondrial markers acetyl-L-carnitine (LAC) and its derivative free-carnitine motivated by a mechanistic model in rodents in which targeting mitochondrial metabolism of LAC leads to the amelioration of cognitive function and boosts epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression. We report a sex-specific deficiency in free-carnitine levels in women with aMCI and early-AD compared to cognitively healthy controls; no change was observed in men. We also replicated the prior finding of decreased LAC levels in both women and men with AD, supporting the robustness of the study samples assayed in our new study. The magnitude of the sex-specific free-carnitine deficiency reflected the severity of cognitive dysfunction and held in two study cohorts. Furthermore, patients with the lower free-carnitine levels showed higher beta-amyloid(A beta) accumulation and t-Tau levels assayed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Computational analyses showed that the mitochondrial markers assayed in plasma are at least as accurate as CSF measures to classify disease status. Together with the mechanistic platform in rodents, these translational findings lay the groundwork to create preventive individualized treatments targeting sex-specific changes in mitochondrial metabolism that may be subtle to early cognitive dysfunction of AD risk.